{"id":141249,"date":"2022-12-13T10:22:12","date_gmt":"2022-12-13T02:22:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/kim-cuong-nhan-tao\/"},"modified":"2026-04-21T14:05:19","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T06:05:19","slug":"kim-cuong-nhan-tao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/kim-cuong-nhan-tao\/","title":{"rendered":"kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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N\u0103m 1796, nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Smithson Tennant \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng “kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cacbon th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng”. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 than ch\u00ec, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cacbon nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.<\/span>\u7d93\u904e\u4e86157\u5e74\uff0c \u767c\u73fe\u4f7f\u78b3\u6210\u529f\u8b8a\u6210\u947d\u77f3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u50ac\u5316\u5291\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u89f8\u5a92\u3002\u800c\u57281954\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u5947\u7570\u516c\u53f8(GE)<\/a> \u6210\u529f\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u9435\u65cf\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u9435<\/strong>\u3001\u9237<\/strong>\u3001\u93b3<\/strong>\u662f\u5408\u6210\u947d\u77f3\u7684\u50ac\u5316\u5291\uff1b\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u78ba\u8a8d\u4e86\u53ef\u91cd\u8907\u6027\u5f8c\u9996\u6b21\u767c\u4f48\u4f7f\u7528\u975c\u58d3\u7194\u5a92\u6cd5(\u7c21\u7a31GE\u6cd5)\u6210\u529f\u5408\u6210\u947d\u77f3\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e9\u57281953\u5e74\u745e\u5178ASEA\u7684\u4e00\u7d44\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u5408\u6210\u51fa\u4eba\u9020\u947d\u77f3\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u8aaa\u70ba\u7576\u6642\u4e26\u672a\u767c\u73fe\u5408\u6210\u947d\u77f3\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5247\u662f\u7576\u6642\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b8c\u6574\u6578\u64da\uff1b\u56fa\u6c92\u6709<\/span>\u0110\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/span><\/address>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t<\/h3>

Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 3,52 g\/cm\u00b3, v\u00e0 do th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t (cacbon nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t), m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c cacbon n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Than ch\u00ec nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 2,25 g\/cm\u00b3, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u than ch\u00ec th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 1,8 g\/cm\u00b3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c cao.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/h3>

N\u0103m 1872, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra entropy, m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n (b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng) trong s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Vi\u1ec7c nung n\u00f3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb entropy, trong khi vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb entropy.<\/span><\/p>

T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi carbon: n\u00e9n than ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong khi nung n\u00f3ng kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh than ch\u00ec (n\u00e9n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, trong khi nung n\u00f3ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t<\/span><\/h3>
  1. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc <\/span><\/a><\/li>
  2. PVD (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng h\u01a1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd) <\/span><\/li>
  3. CVD (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng h\u01a1i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc) <\/span><\/a><\/li>
  4. X\u00fac t\u00e1c <\/span><\/li>
  5. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p laser (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CO\u2082 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n carbon) <\/span><\/li>
  6. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00fang c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t g\u1ea5p n\u0103m l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd n\u1eb7ng t\u1edbi 34 carat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    “Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 carbon th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.” \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady, kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 than ch\u00ec, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a carbon nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Sau 157 n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a carbon th\u00e0nh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4296],"tags":[4481],"class_list":["post-141249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lop-hoc-kim-cuong","tag-lop-hoc-nho-ve-kim-cuong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/141249","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=141249"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/141249\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":141250,"href":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/141249\/revisions\/141250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=141249"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=141249"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honwaygroup.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=141249"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}